Last Change: 2018-09-07, 16:50
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gifsicle − manipulates GIF images and animations
gifsicle [options, frames, and filenames]...
gifsicle is a powerful command-line program for creating, editing, manipulating, and getting information about GIF images and animations.
Without options, gifsicle acts like a filter: you feed it a GIF on standard input, and it writes that GIF on standard output. That means these two commands do the same thing:
% gifsicle < in.gif > out.gif
% gifsicle < in.gif | gifsicle | gifsicle > out.gif
Not too interesting. Most times you’ll tell gifsicle to alter its inputs by giving it command line options. The [−i] option, for example, tells it to interlace its input files:
% gifsicle -i < pic.gif > interlaced-pic.gif
To modify GIF files in place, you should use the [−−batch] option. With [−−batch ,] gifsicle will modify the files you specify instead of writing a new file to the standard output. To interlace all the GIFs in the current directory, you could say:
% gifsicle −−batch −i *.gif
gifsicle is good at creating and manipulating GIF animations. The simplest way to create an animation is to give more than one input file, which gifsicle will combine to create a ‘‘flipbook’’ animation:
% gifsicle pic1.gif pic2.gif pic3.gif > animation.gif
Use options like [−−delay , ] to tune your animations; see their descriptions for more details.
The bulk of this manual page indexes gifsicle’s options and describes them in gory detail. New users may want to skip to the Examples section at the end.
This index is meant to help you find options that do what you want. Concepts are on the left, relevant gifsicle options are on the right.
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Animations, changing |
frame selections, frame changes, etc. |
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disposal |
−−disposal |
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looping |
−−loopcount |
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portions of |
frame selections |
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smaller |
−−optimize, −−colors |
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speed |
−−delay |
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Bad output |
−−careful |
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Background color |
−−background |
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Colors, changing |
−−change−color, −−use−colormap, −−dither, −−transform−colormap |
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reducing number |
−−colors, −−dither |
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Comments |
−−comment |
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Extensions |
−−extension, −−app−extension, −−extension−info |
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File size |
−−optimize, −−unoptimize, −−colors |
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Image transformations |
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cropping |
−−crop, −−crop−transparency |
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flipping |
−−flip−* |
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resizing |
−−resize, −−scale |
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rotating |
−−rotate−* |
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Grayscale |
−−use−colormap |
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Interlacing |
−−interlace |
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Positioning frames |
−−position |
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Screen, logical |
−−logical−screen |
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Selecting frames |
frame selections (like ’#0’) |
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Transparency |
−−transparent |
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Warnings |
−−no−warnings |
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Web-safe palette |
−−use−colormap |
gifsicle’s command line consists of GIF input files and options. Most options start with a dash (−) or plus (+); frame selections, a kind of option, start with a number sign (#). Anything else is a GIF input file.
gifsicle reads and processes GIF input files in order. If no GIF input file is given, or you give the special filename ‘−’, it reads from the standard input.
gifsicle exits with status 0 if there were no errors and status 1 otherwise.
Every option has a long form, ‘−−long−descriptive−name’. You don’t need to type the whole long descriptive name, just enough to make it unambiguous.
Some options also have a short form, ‘−X’. You can combine short options if they don’t take arguments: ‘−IIb’ is the same as ‘−I −I −b’. But be careful with options that do take arguments: ‘−cblah’ means ‘−c blah’, not ‘−c −b −l −a −h’.
Many options also have a converse, ‘−−no−option’, which turns off the option. You can turn off a short option ‘−X’ by saying ‘+X’ instead.
Mode Options
Mode options tell gifsicle what kind of output to generate. There can be at most one, and it must precede any GIF inputs.
[−−merge , ]
Combine all GIF inputs into one file with multiple frames and write that file to the standard output. This is the default mode.
[−−batch , ]
Modify each GIF input in place by reading and writing to the same filename. (GIFs read from the standard input are written to the standard output.)
[−−explode , ]
Create an output GIF for each frame of each input file. The output GIFs are named ‘xxx.000’, ‘xxx.001’, and so on, where ‘xxx’ is the name of the input file (or whatever you specified with ‘−−output’) and the numeric extension is the frame number.
[−−explode−by−name , ]
Same as [−−explode ,] but write named frames to files ‘xxx.name’ instead of ‘xxx.frame-number’.
General Options
General options control the information gifsicle prints and where it writes its output. The info options and [−−verbose] can be turned off with ‘−−no−X’.
[−−color−info]
Like [−−info ,] but also print information about input files’ colormaps. [−−cinfo] is a synonym for [−−color−info .]
[−−extension−info]
Like [−−info ,] but also print any unrecognized GIF extensions in a hexdump(1)-like format. [−−xinfo] is a synonym for [- −−extension−info .]
[−−help , ]
Print usage information and exit.
[−−info , ]
Print a human-readable description of each input GIF to the standard output, or whatever file you specify with [−o .] This option suppresses normal output, and cannot be combined with mode options like [−−batch .] If you give two [−−info] or [−I] options, however, normal output is not suppressed; information will be printed on standard error, and you can supply a mode option.
−o file
−−output file
Send output to file. The special filename ‘-’ means the standard output.
[−−verbose , ]
Print progress information (files read and written) to standard error.
[−−no−warnings , ]
Suppress all warning messages.
[−−version]
Print the version number and some short non-warranty information and exit.
[−−conserve−memory]
Conserve memory usage at the expense of processing time. This may be useful if you are processing large GIFs on a computer without very much memory.
[−−nextfile]
Allow input files to contain multiple concatenated GIF images. If a filename appears multiple times on the command line, gifsicle will read a new image from the file each time. This option can help scripts avoid the need for temporary files. For example, to create an animated GIF with three frames with different delays, you might run "gifsicle −−nextfile −d10 − −d20 − −d30 − > out.gif" and write the three GIF images, in sequence, to gifsicle’s standard input.
[−−multifile]
Like [−−nextfile ,] but read as many GIF images as possible from each file. This option is intended for scripts. For example, to merge an unknown number of GIF images into a single animation, run "gifsicle −−multifile − > out.gif" and write the GIF images, in sequence, to gifsicle’s standard input. Any frame selections apply only to the last file in the concatenation.
Frame Selections
A frame selection tells gifsicle which frames to use from the current input file. They are useful only for animations, as non-animated GIFs only have one frame. Here are the acceptable forms for frame specifications.
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#num |
Select frame num. (The first frame is ‘#0’. Negative numbers count backwards from the last frame, which is ‘#-1’.) |
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#num1−num2 |
Select frames num1 through num2. |
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#num1− |
Select frames num1 through the last frame. |
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#name |
Select the frame named name. |
For example,
gifsicle happy.gif
will use all of ‘happy.gif’s frames, while
gifsicle happy.gif "#0"
will only use the first. (Note the quotes around the frame specification. The ‘#’ character has special meaning for many shells, so you may need to quote it.)
The action performed with the selected frames depends on the current mode. In merge mode, only the selected frames are merged into the output GIF. In batch mode, only the selected frames are modified; other frames remain unchanged. In explode mode, only the selected frames are exploded into output GIFs.
Frame Change Options
Frame change options insert new frames into an animation or replace or delete frames that already exist. Some things −− for example, changing one frame in an animation −− are difficult to express with frame selections, but easy with frame changes.
−−delete frames [frames...]
Delete frames from the input GIF.
−−insert−before frame other-GIFs
Insert other-GIFs before frame in the input GIF.
−−append other-GIFs
Append other-GIFs to the input GIF.
−−replace frames other-GIFs
Replace frames from the input GIF with other-GIFs.
−−done
Complete the current set of frame changes.
The frames arguments are frame selections (see above). These arguments always refer to frames from the original input GIF. So, if ‘a.gif’ has 3 frames and ‘b.gif’ has one, this command
gifsicle a.gif −−delete "#0" −−replace "#2" b.gif
will produce an output animation with 2 frames: ‘a.gif’ frame 1, then ‘b.gif’.
The other-GIFs arguments are any number of GIF input files and frame selections. These images are combined in merge mode and added to the input GIF. The other-GIFs last until the next frame change option, so this command replaces the first frame of ‘in.gif’ with the merge of ‘a.gif’ and ‘b.gif’:
gifsicle −b in.gif −−replace "#0" a.gif b.gif
This command, however, replaces the first frame of ‘in.gif’ with ‘a.gif’ and then processes ‘b.gif’ separately:
gifsicle −b in.gif −−replace "#0" a.gif −−done b.gif
Warning: You shouldn’t use both frame selections and frame changes on the same input GIF.
Image Options
Image options modify input images −− by changing their interlacing, transparency, and cropping, for example. Image options have three forms: ‘−−X’, ‘−−no−X’, and ‘−−same−X’. The ‘−−X’ form selects a value for the feature, the ‘−−no−X’ form turns off the feature, and the ‘−−same−X’ form means that the feature’s value is copied from each input. The default is always ‘−−same−X’. For example, [−background= "#0000FF"] sets the background color to blue, [−−no−background] turns the background color off (by setting it to 0), and [−−same−background] uses input images’ existing background colors. You can give each option multiple times; for example,
gifsicle −b −O2 −i a.gif −−same−interlace b.gif c.gif
will make ‘a.gif’ interlaced, but leave ‘b.gif’ and ‘c.gif’ interlaced only if they were already.
−B color
−−background color
Set the output GIF’s background to color. The argument can have the same forms as in the [−−transparent] option below.
−−crop x1,y1-x2,y2
−−crop x1,y1+widthxheight
Crop the following input frames to a smaller rectangular area. The top-left corner of this rectangle is (x1,y1); you can give either the lower-right corner, (x2,y2), or the width and height of the rectangle. In the x1,y1+widthxheight form, width and height can be zero or negative. A zero dimension means the cropping area goes to the edge of the image; a negative dimension brings the cropping area that many pixels back from the image edge. For example, [−−crop 2,2+-2x-2] will shave 2 pixels off each side of the input image. Cropping takes place before any rotation, flipping, resizing, or positioning.
[−−crop−transparency]
Crop any transparent borders off the following input frames. This happens after any cropping due to the [−−crop] option. It works on the raw input image; for example, any transparency options have not yet been applied.
[−−flip−horizontal]
[−−flip−vertical]
Flip the following frames horizontally or vertically.
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[−i] |
[−−interlace]
Turn interlacing on.
−S widthxheight
−−logical−screen widthxheight
Set the output logical screen to widthxheight. [−−no−logical−screen] sets the output logical screen to the size of the largest output frame, while [−−same−logical−screen] sets the output logical screen to the largest input logical screen. [−−screen] is a synonym for [−−logical−screen .]
−p x,y
−−position x,y
Set the following frames’ positions to (x,y). [−−no−position] means [−−position 0,0.] Normally, −−position x,y places every succeeding frame exactly at x,y. However, if an entire animation is input, x,y is treated as the position for the animation.
[−−rotate−90]
[−−rotate−180]
[−−rotate−270]
Rotate the following frames by 90, 180, or 270 degrees. [−−no−rotate] turns off any rotation.
−t color
−−transparent color
Make color transparent in the following frames. Color can be a colormap index (0−255), a hexadecimal color specification (like "#FF00FF" for magenta), or slash- or comma-separated red, green and blue values (each between 0 and 255).
Extension Options
Extension options add non-visual information to the output GIF. This includes names, comments, and generic extensions.
−x app−name extension
−−app−extension app−name extension
Add an application extension named app−name and with the value extension to the output GIF.
−c text
−−comment text
Add a comment, text, to the output GIF. The comment will be placed before the next frame in the stream.
[−−no−comments] and [−−same−comments] affect all the images following, and apply only to input GIF comments, not ones added with [−−comment .]
−−extension number extension
Add an extension numbered number and with the value extension to the output GIF. Number can be in decimal, octal, hex, or it can be a single character like ‘n’, whose ASCII value is used.
[−−no−extensions] (or [+x )] and [−−same−extensions] affect all the images following, and apply only to input GIF extensions.
−n text
−−name text
Set the next frame’s name to text. This name is stored as an extension in the output GIF (extension number 0xCE, followed by the characters of the frame name).
[−−no−names] and [−−same−names] affect all the images following. They apply only to input GIF names, not ones added with [−−name .]
Animation Options
Animation options apply to GIF animations, or to individual frames in GIF animations. As with image options, most animation options have three forms, ‘−−X’, ‘−−no−X’, and ‘−−same−X’, and you can give animation options multiple times; for example,
gifsicle −b a.gif −d50 "#0" "#1" −d100 "#2" "#3"
sets the delays of frames 0 and 1 to 50, and frames 2 and 3 to 100.
−d time
−−delay time
Set the delay between frames to time in hundredths of a second.
−D method
−−disposal method
Set the disposal method for the following frames to method. Method can be a number between 0 and 7 (although only 0 through 3 are generally meaningful), or one of these names: none, asis, background (or bg), previous. [−−no−disposal] means [−−disposal =]
[−l [count]]
[−−loopcount [=count]]
Set the Netscape loop extension to count. Count is an integer, or forever to loop endlessly. If you supply a [−−loopcount] option without specifying count, Gifsicle will use forever. [−−no−loopcount] (the default) turns off looping.
Set the loop count to one less than the number of times you want the animation to run. An animation with [−−no−loopcount] will show every frame once; [−−loopcount =1] will loop once, thus showing every frame twice; and so forth. Note that [−−loopcount =0] is equivalent to [−−loopcount =forever,] not [−−no−loopcount .]
[−O [level]]
[−−optimize [=level]]
Optimize output GIF animations for space. Level determines how much optimization is done. There are currently two levels:
[−O1]
Stores only the changed portion of each image. This is the default.
[−O2]
Also uses transparency to shrink the file further.
There is no [−−same−optimize] option.
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−U |
−−unoptimize
Unoptimize GIF animations into an easy-to-edit form.
GIF animations are often optimized (see [−−optimize )] to make them smaller and faster to load, which unfortunately makes them difficult to edit. [−−unoptimize] changes optimized input GIFs into unoptimized GIFs, where each frame is a faithful representation of what a user would see at that point in the animation.
There is no [−−same−unoptimize] option.
Whole-GIF Options
Whole-GIF options effect entire GIFs as they are read or written. They can be turned off with ‘−−no−option’.
[−−careful]
Write slightly larger GIFs that avoid bugs in some other GIF implementations. Some Java and Internet Explorer versions cannot display the correct, minimal GIFs that Gifsicle produces. Use the [−−careful] option if you are having problems with a particular image.
−−change−color color1 color2
Change color1 to color2 in the following input GIFs. (The color arguments have the same forms as in the [−t] option.) You can change multiple colors by giving the option multiple times. Color changes don’t interfere with one another, so you can safely swap two colors with ‘−−change−color color1 color2 −−change−color color2 color1’. They all take effect as an input GIF is read. [−−no−change−color] cancels all color changes.
−k num
−−colors num
Reduce the number of distinct colors in each output GIF to num or less. Num must be between 2 and 256. This can be used to shrink output GIFs or eliminate any local color tables.
Unless you give [−−use−colormap ,] an adaptive group of colors is chosen from the existing color table. You can affect this process with the [−−color−method] option. Gifsicle may need to add an additional color (making num+1 in all) if there is transparency in the image.
−−color−method method
Determine how a smaller colormap is chosen. There are three choices: diversity, the default, is xv(1)’s diversity algorithm, which uses a strict subset of the existing colors. blend−diversity is a modification of this: some color values are blended from a group of the existing colors. median−cut is the median cut algorithm described by Heckbert. [−−method] is a synonym for [−−color−method .]
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−f |
−−dither
This option only matters if the colormap was changed. With [−−dither] on, Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion is used to approximate any colors that were removed. This looks better, but makes bigger files and can cause animation artifacts, so it is off by default.
−−resize widthxheight
Resize the output GIF to widthxheight. Either width or height may be an underscore ‘_’. If the argument is widthx_, then the output GIF is scaled to width pixels wide without changing its aspect ratio. An analogous operation is performed for _xheight. Resizing happens after all input frames have been combined and before optimization. Gifsicle’s resize algorithm is designed for speed, not quality; for best-looking results you will need to use other tools.
−−resize−width width
Same as −−resize widthx_.
−−resize−height height
Same as −−resize _xheight.
−−scale Xfactor[xYfactor]
Scale the output GIF’s width and height by Xfactor and Yfactor. If Yfactor is not given, it defaults to Xfactor. Scaling happens after all input frames have been combined and before optimization.
−−transform−colormap command
Command should be a shell command that reads from standard input and writes to standard output. Each colormap in the output GIF is translated into text colormap format (see [−−use−colormap] below) and piped to the command. The output that command generates (which should also be in text colormap format) will be used as the colormap instead.
−−use−colormap colormap
Set the image’s colormap to colormap. Colormap can be web for the 216-color ‘‘Web-safe palette’’; gray for grayscale; bw for black-and-white; or the name of a file. That file should either be a text file (the format is described below) or a GIF file, whose global colormap will be used. If [−−colors=N] is also given, an N−sized subset of colormap will be used.
Text colormap files have a very simple format:
# each non-comment line represents one color, "red green blue"
# each component should be between 0 and 255
0 0 0 # like this
255 255 255
Here are a bunch of examples showing how gifsicle is commonly used.
First, let’s create an animation, ‘anim.gif’:
% gifsicle a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif
This animation will move very quickly: since we didn’t specify a delay, a browser will cycle through the frames as fast as it can. Let’s slow it down and pause .5 seconds between frames, using the [−−delay] option.
% gifsicle −−delay 50 a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif
If we also want the GIF to loop three times, we can use [−−loopcount :]
% gifsicle −d 50 −−loop=3 a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif
(Rather than type [−−delay] again, we used its short form, [−d .] Many options have short forms; you can see them by running ‘gifsicle −−help’. We also abbreviated [−−loopcount] to [−−loop ,] which is OK since no other option starts with ‘loop’.)
To explode ‘anim.gif’ into its component frames:
% gifsicle −−explode anim.gif
% ls anim.gif*
anim.gif anim.gif.000 anim.gif.001 anim.gif.002 anim.gif.003
To optimize ‘anim.gif’:
% gifsicle −b −O2 anim.gif
To change the second frame of ‘anim.gif’ to ‘x.gif’:
% gifsicle −b −−unoptimize −O2 anim.gif −−replace "#1" x.gif
[−−unoptimize] is used since ‘anim.gif’ was optimized in the last step. Editing individual frames in optimized GIFs is dangerous without [−−unoptimize ;] frames following the changed frame could be corrupted by the change. Of course, this might be what you want.
Note that [−−unoptimize] and [−−optimize] can be on simultaneously. [−−unoptimize] affects input GIF files, while [−−optimize] affects output GIF files.
To print information about the first and fourth frames of ‘anim.gif’:
% gifsicle −I "#0" "#3" < anim.gif
(information printed)
To make black the transparent color in all the GIFs in the current directory, and also print information about each:
% gifsicle −bII −−trans "#000000" *.gif
(information printed)
Giving [−I] twice forces normal output to occur. With only one [−I ,] the GIFs would not have changed on disk.
To change ‘anim.gif’ to use a 64-color subset of the Web-safe palette:
% gifsicle −b −−colors=64 −−use−col=web anim.gif
To make a dithered black-and-white version of ‘anim.gif’:
% gifsicle −−dither −−use−col=bw anim.gif > anim-bw.gif
To overlay one GIF atop another −− producing a one-frame output GIF that looks like the superposition of the two inputs −− use gifsicle twice:
% gifsicle bottom.gif top.gif | gifsicle -U "#1" > result.gif
Some optimized output GIFs may appear incorrectly on some GIF implementations (for example, Java’s); see the [−−careful] option.
Please email suggestions, additions, patches and bugs to kohler AT cs DOT ucla DOT edu.
For a tutorial on GIF images and animations, you might try some of the resources listed on-line at webreference.com: http://www.webreference.com/authoring/graphics/animation.html
Eddie Kohler <ekohler AT gmail DOT com>
http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~kohler/
He wrote it.
Anne Dudfield <annied AT frii DOT com>
http://www.frii.com/~annied/
She named it.
Hans Dinsen-Hansen <dino AT danbbs DOT dk>
http://www.danbbs.dk/~dino/
Adaptive tree method for GIF writing.
http://www.lcdf.org/gifsicle/
The gifsicle home page.